History of Photography

                                                 


   HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY



                                                                            

PHOTOGRAPHY is derived from two Greek words

photo and graph. Together they literally mean

“writing with light.”

Early camera 

 Daguerreotype Camera-  The early commercial camera and

  could not adjust the lens or enlarge photos from film.          

'Camera Obscura-a large room that could show images on a wall, was understood

by the Arab Scholar Alhazan in the 11th century,

who defined the

 principles that would

 be later

developed into photographs.    

A typical 1930s camera with a mounted flash

Digital Camera

  DIGITAL-comes from Latin      roots and means

“Using numbers to       represent values.”

  DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY-a binary code to form an image from light

  is the process of assigning numbers in.

STEVEN SASSON

-an engineer for a

 major camera company, invented the world’s first

 digital camera.

 It took 23 seconds to record a 10,000 pixel photograph and served as a prototype that has revolutionized the way pictures are recorded and edited.

A modern digital camera-is a fairly sophisticated

camera that is available to consumers that uses a

memory card to record images instead of film.

Basic Photography

The 6 Things To Know

•         Know your camera

•         Hold the camera still

•         The 2-second rule

•         Take a few more

•         Tell a “story”

•         Capture the “mood”

C  . E .  L .  L .

•         C omposition

•         E xposure

•         L ens

•         L ight

Composition

Principle 1

Un-clutter the picture. Zoom in.

A good photograph is a subject, a context, and nothing else. Remove any clutter that detracts from your message. Get closer -- zoom in -- and crop as tightly as possible

Principle 3  

Use of frames, lines & diagonals

Create impact by using frames and real or inferred lines that lead the viewer's eye into and around the picture

Principle 4  

Dramatic Perspective

Create impact by photographing your subjects from unexpected angles. Imagine yourself as an electron spinning around the subject, which is the nucleus of an atom.

Exposure

•         Aperture

•         Shutter speed

•         ISO

Aperture: General Rules and tips

A larger lens opening (f1.8-3.5) offers the following advantages:

Allows you to shoot more often with just natural lighting à helps to reduce harsh shadows and red-eye caused by flash.

Allows more light to pass through, the camera will be able to choose a slightly higher shutter speed à helps to reduce motion blur.

Helps to reduce "depth-of-field“ (for effect).

Principle

Affect depth of field (range of distance in focus

When shooting a landscape, as much of the photograph in sharp focus as possible (f11 to f22). In a portrait, shallower dof (f2.8-8) will isolate your subject from distracting backgrounds

Shutter speed: General Rules and tips

                                                                  shutter speed the capture is blur                                              

To capture blur-free "action" photographs (e.g. Sports), you need to make sure the camera is using a high shutter speed, e.g.1/125th of a second or more.

Less light gets through to the imager as shutter speed is incre ased, thus difficult to use higher shutter speeds in lower light situations.

Alternatives: Allow more light to pass through the lens (larger aperture setting), the other is to increase the ISO

Principle

Freezing motion (achieve the desired effect

Absolutely sharp images are not always the best.  They can look static and dull. At slow shutter speeds the camera blurs the image of moving objects, and can create a more convincing image of movement

ISO: General Rules and tips

•         ISO settings are often rated at 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, and even 3200 on some models

•         Use an ISO of 100 or 200 when taking photographs outside in sunny conditions.

•         If the sky is overcast or it is evening time, or in a darkened room, then use an ISO within the range of 400 to 800.

•         Night time or in cases of low light you might need to set your digital camera ISO to 1600. If not your photo will appear too dark, if at all.

LENS

Principle

Wide Angle (35mm) or Telephoto (70mm)

Wide-angle lenses allow more of a picture to be captured (need focal point) while telephoto lenses tighten the scene and isolate the subject (but affect the depth of field & increase camera shake)

Light

Principle 1 

Avoid using flash, even for night shots

The indiscriminate blast of flash destroys the intimate mood of existing light

Principle 2 

Side Lighting instead of front or overhead (noon-time) lighting

The use of  frontal flash lighting tends to flatten faces.

Use side lighting as much as possible, even moving your subject, if necessary, next to a window.

Principle 3 

Use fill-in flash, for backlit situations or overhead sun

Overhead sun creates dark eye sockets and unattractive shadows, which can be reduced by using a flash.  Use fill-in flash also for situations where the subject is backlit (camera auto exposure will be confused)

ISO Setting

Principle

Set the lowest setting possible to avoid noise

ISO measures the sensitivity of the image sensor.  The lower the number the less sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain.




Here are some example with the use of the camera when the 

ISO
Chatter speed 
Aperture 

-is lower than the normal usage. 

the result of the picture is dark even if it is under the sun light. 

This is the sample picture when the 

ISO 

Chatter speed

Aperture

is higher than the normal usage in photography. 

This is the sample picture captured in the depth of field of DSLR camera. the subject were focused and the background of the subject become blur.

This is the sample of photo, captured when it is low of third. The subject of the photo capture together with the background is clear.